21. Choose one of the hypotheses from Question 20. Describe how you could set up an experiment to test the hypothesis by listing your experimental groups, control group, and at least 2 constants you would need to have. this is question 2020. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the hypotheses below: (4 pts)
A. If a player practices longer, then he will score more points in the game.
B. If students eat a high-protein breakfast, then they will score higher on their biology test.

Biologists and other scientists use the scientific method to ask questions about the natural world. The scientific method begins with an observation, which leads the scientist to ask a question. She or he then comes up with a hypothesis, a testable explanation that addresses the question.

A hypothesis isn't necessarily right. Instead, it's a "best guess," and the scientist must test it to see if it's actually correct. Scientists test hypotheses by making predictions: if hypothesis \text XXstart text, X, end text is right, then \text YYstart text, Y, end text should be true. Then, they do experiments or make observations to see if the predictions are correct. If they are, the hypothesis is supported. If they aren't, it may be time for a new hypothesis.

How are hypotheses tested?

When possible, scientists test their hypotheses using controlled experiments. A controlled experiment is a scientific test done under controlled conditions, meaning that just one (or a few) factors are changed at a time, while all others are kept constant. We'll look closely at controlled experiments in the next section.

In some cases, there is no good way to test a hypothesis using a controlled experiment (for practical or ethical reasons). In that case, a scientist may test a hypothesis by making predictions about patterns that should be seen in nature if the hypothesis is correct. Then, she or he can collect data to see if the pattern is actually there.

Controlled experiments

What are the key ingredients of a controlled experiment? To illustrate, let's consider a simple (even silly) example.

Suppose I decide to grow bean sprouts in my kitchen, near the window. I put bean seeds in a pot with soil, set them on the windowsill, and wait for them to sprout. However, after several weeks, I have no sprouts. Why not? Well...it turns out I forgot to water the seeds. So, I hypothesize that they didn't sprout due to lack of water.

To test my hypothesis, I do a controlled experiment. In this experiment, I set up two identical pots. Both contain ten bean seeds planted in the same type of soil, and both are placed in the same window. In fact, there is only one thing that I do differently to the two pots:

One pot of seeds gets watered every afternoon.

The other pot of seeds doesn't get any water at all.

After a week, nine out of ten seeds in the watered pot have sprouted, while none of the seeds in the dry pot have sprouted. It looks like the "seeds need water" hypothesis is probably correct!

Let's see how this simple example illustrates the parts of a controlled experiment.

Explanation:

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