What information would best further the understanding of the relationship between the number of amino acid codons and their frequency in proteins?

Explanation:

The information about the structure of a protein is key to understand its function and why certain codons are distributed the way they are. We know that proteins have several structures:

The primary structure, which is defined by the sequence of nucleotides in RNA.

The secondary structure, the regular arrangement of amino acids within located regions of the polypeptide. The most common structures are α-helices and β-sheets.

The tertiary structure, the folding of the polypeptide chain as a result of the interactions between the lateral chains of the amino acids that are located in different regions of the primary sequence.

The quaternary structure, which consists of the interactions between different polypeptide chains in proteins formed by more than one polypeptide, as is the case with hemoglobin.

We know that structure and function are strongly related to one another, and a crucial determinant for the tertiary structure is the location of the hydrophobic amino acids inside the protein and the hydrophilic amino acids on the surface, where they interact with water. The interior of the folded proteins are constituted mostly of hydrophobic amino acids organized in  α-helices and β-sheets, these secondary structures are located within the hydrophobic center of the protein. The bow regions that connect the elements of the secondary structure are located on the surface of the folded proteins, where the polar components form hydrogen bonds with water or with the lateral chains of the hydrophilic amino acids.

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