Complete each of the following (1-11). Each answer should be a MINIMUM of 5 sentences. 1. Describe the following stages:
a. G1 Phase

b. S Phase

c. G2 Phase

d. Mitosis

e. Cytokinesis

2. How do cells produce new cells for growth and repair?

3. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

4. Describe Gregor Mendel’s contribution to the study of genetics.

5. Describe how you can use a Punnett Square to predict the probability that offspring will inherit a trait.

6. What are phenotypes and genotypes?

7. Summarize the process of DNA Replication.

8. Describe the processes of transcription and translation.

9. What are mutations and how do they increase the genetic variation within a species?

10. What is DNA fingerprinting?

The answer will be listed below.

Explanation:

1.)-

a.) G1 Phase- Following cytokinesis, during G1 phase the cells monitor environment for the potential growth factors, grow larger and once achieve the threshold size then starts the progression through S phase.

b.) S Phase- To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated. DNA replication occurs during this S phase.

c.) G2 Phase- During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. At the end of this gap is another control checkpoint to determine if the cell can now proceed to enter Mitosis and divide.

d.) Mitosis- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase occurs in Mitosis. During prophase, the parent cell chromosomes, which were duplicated during S phase, condense and become thousands of times more compact than they were during interphase.

Metaphase is a stage in the cell cycle where all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes. As metaphase continues, the cells partition into the two daughter cells.

Anaphase- In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. The protein that holds the sister chromatids together is broken down, allowing them to separate.

During telophase (the final stage), the chromosomes arrive at the cell poles, the mitotic spindle disassembles, and the vesicles that contain fragments of the original nuclear membrane assemble around the two sets of chromosomes.

e.) Cytokinesis- During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides.

2.) They go through the process of Mitosis. Mitosis consists of four steps: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

3.) Mitosis takes place all over the body, while meiosis only takes place in the sex organs and produces sex cells. Mitosis consists of one stage whereas meiosis consists of two stages. Mitosis produces diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces haploid cells. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells.

A similarity between mitosis and meiosis is that they both produce new cells and start with one a single parent cell to duplicate.

4.) Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.

5.) The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

6.) A genotype refers to the genetic characteristics of an organism. A phenotype refers to the physical characteristics.

7.) The opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. During separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin.

8.) Transcrption-

Initiation- The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex.

Elongation- RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA molecule.

Termination- In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is terminated.

Processing...

Translation- Translation happens in four stages: activation (make ready), initiation (start), elongation (make longer) and termination (stop). These terms describe the growth of the amino acid chain (polypeptide).

9.) A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. Mutation has introduce a new allele into the population that increases genetic variation and may be passed on to the next generation.

10.) DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.

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