What is the importance of studying fossils? * A. To provide information about current life forms and current environmental conditions B. To provide information about how life and environmental conditions may have changed C. To provide information about how previous life forms would exist in current environmental conditions D. To provide information about how current life forms would exist in previous environmental conditions

Which of the following is a common response to cell signaling?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which macromolecule catalyzes chemical reactions this be considered enzyme chemical reactions thus he considering enzymes