Which is a density-independent factor in controlling a population?
a. water supply
b. disease
c. tornadoes
d. access to food

The correct answer is option C, Tornadoes

Explanation:

All the three factors i.e water supply, diseases and access to foods are all density dependent variables and are expressed in the following ways:

a)Water supply – consumption of water (in litres)/acre

b)Disease – number of outbreaks /acres

c)Access to foods – tons of food produced /hectare

But tornado cannot be expressed in terms of area, but it can be expressed in terms of time i.e. number of tornadoes/year

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just finished the test, the answer is d, greg is the least cost-effective because he charges the most for the project