The effects of osmotic water shifts on red blood cells (RBC) can be observed experimentally by exposing the cells to hypertonic and hypotonic saline solutions. The inner fluid of RBCs is isotonic with 0.15 M NaCl. When RBCs are placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cells, causing them to shrink. When RBCs are placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cells, causing rapid swelling, which may result in the bursting of some cells. An aliquot of 105 RBCs is added to 1 Lof water with 0.05 M NaCl. Assume that no metabolic activity is occurring in the RBCs to generate water. You are interested in writing an accounting equation on the water in the RBC as a function of time. Will the size of this system change?

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Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein