includes all descendants from a single common ancestor. does not share any common ancestry but represents convergent evolution. includes some but not all descendants from a single common ancestor. All of these options are qualities that define

Phylogenetic relationships

1. includes all descendants from a single common ancestor >>> monophyletic group

2. does not share any common ancestry but represents convergent evolution >>> polyphyletic group

3. includes some but not all descendants from a single common ancestor >>> paraphyletic group

Explanation:

A monophyletic taxon is a collection of organisms that have the same most recent common ancestor, thereby including an ancestor and all its descendants. Examples of monophyletic groups are angiosperms, mammals, insects, etc. A paraphyletic group is composed of some (but not all) the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. An example of a paraphyletic group includes fish and lizards. Finally, a polyphyletic taxon is composed of a group of organisms that do not contain the common ancestor of all the members of the group. An example of a polyphyletic group is composed of birds and mammals, (which constitutes a group of warm-blooded animals).

for example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the earth does not orbit around the sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales .