How does a cell normally make a thermodynamically disfavored reaction go forward?

by producing enzymes that catalyze non-spontaneous reactions

Explanation:

Thermodynamically disfavored reactions can be referred to as nonspontaneous reactions (ΔG > 0). An enzyme is a catalyst molecule (generally proteins) capable of converting a non-spontaneous reaction into a spontaneous reaction and improve the speed of one chemical reaction in the cell. Enzymes are capable of reducing the energy of the transition state of a chemical reaction (rate of the reaction), thereby modifying the kinetics of a reaction.

dna damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. dna damage and mutation have different biological consequences. while most dna damages can undergo dna repair, such repair is not 100% efficient.