Which of the following is not termed as hybridization? a) DNA & cDNA b) DNA & mRNA c) DNA from different species d) DNA from male & female of same species.

DNA from male & female of same species

Explanation:

According to base-pairing rules, adenine (A) always bonds to thymine (T) or Uracil (U), while guanine (G) always bonds to cytosine (C). Nucleic acid hybridization is a process produced by base-pairing complementary between two different DNA (or DNA and RNA) single-stranded molecules to give a hybrid double helix. In consequence, and since hybridization involves base-pairing from different sources, the pairing between DNA strands belonging to male and female of the same species is not considered as a process of hybridization.

"1. it should be, it has been for about 20 years, and it's really not much different in the end than breeding animals to have particular traits. there are always concerns about genetically engineered animals/plants affecting the environment in unexpected negative ways, but i can't think of an example where the fears didn't turn out to be baseless.  

first, as you point out, it would be a great advance in pharmacology, to be able to tailor drugs and their doses to me. the pros involve better medical treatment. the cons involve privacy issues like insurance companies denying coverage to people with genetic risk factors. looking at dna markers wouldn't affect the frequency of genetic diseases, but it would allow detection of them earlier. and ok, actually i suppose that if people used this information to avoid having children with genetic diseases, some might decrease in frequency."