Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder that is passed through generations and can be traced by using a pedigree. A pedigree is shown. Sam, Bella, Joshua, and Tim have filled-in shapes. Lisa and Monica have half-filled shapes. Which individuals in the pedigree are identified and labeled carriers for red-green color blindness?

Cladistics is a way of classifying organisms by examining the characteristics of their ancestors and descendants and depicting the relationships in a cladogram. which of the following best describes a challenge in classifying organisms this way? a. there are millions of species on earth, and a cladogram is not a practical means for classifying all of them. b. it is impossible to tell which organisms are most closely related to each other using a cladogram. c. cladograms are detail-oriented and do not provide a useful understanding of evolutionary relationships. d. there is a limited number of ways to organize the information, so most cladograms end up looking very similar.