Breaking apart large biomolecules by adding water is called

Hydrolysis

Explanation:

Hydrolysis is the process of using water "hydro-" to break "lyse-" apart macromolecules. Because most molecules in the body are covalent, which is stronger in water than ionic, there needs to be a specific reaction to break them down, not just dissolution.

For example, maltose can be broken down into two glucoses by this process.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.