A 28-year-old woman delivered a 9.5 lb infant. The infant was above the 95th percentile for weight and length. The mother’s history was incomplete; she claimed to have had no medical care through her pregnancy. Shortly after birth, the infant became lethargic and flaccid. A whole blood glucose and ionized calcium were performed in the nursery with the following results: Whole blood glucose: 25 mg/dL
Ionized calcium: 4.9mEq/L
Plasma glucose was drawn and analyzed in the main lab to confirm the whole blood findings.
Plasma glucose: 33 mg/dL
An intravenous glucose solution was started and whole blood glucose was measured hourly.
1. Give the possible explanation for the infant’s large birth weight and size.
2. If the mother was a gestational diabetic, why was her baby hypoglycemic?
3. Why was there a discrepancy between the whole blood glucose concentration and the plasma glucose concentration?4. If the mother had been monitored during pregnancy, what lab tests should have been performed and what criteria would have indicated that she had gestational diabetes?

Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have become extinct. scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. however, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. these global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. in switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian deaths. in some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. if these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. this would be an example of the founder effect artificial selection genetic drift natural selection sexual selection