A bioprocess reactor needs 1013 cells to generate the desired amount of product. If you started the reactor with a single cell, how many generations (one generation is the process in which 1 cell divides into two cells) are needed to get 1013 cells? If a human cell divides once every 18 h and a bacterium divides once every 60 min, how long will it take to attain the desired cell number in the bioreactor for each type of cell? A human body has only 1015 cells, and according to this calculation, an adult should develop relatively quickly compared to what it takes in reality. Why do you suppose this does not happen?

With the description of the different cell walls, membranes, and associated proteins set in the students' minds, you now need to introduce them to the idea that the cell wall can also act as a foundation to build things upon. bacterial appendages require a strong foundation that will offer the support needed to move and function in a dynamic world. for example, flagella are long, whiplike protein structures that are used by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for locomotion. in order to function effectively, a flagellum must be firmly anchored to the cell wall. how will you be able to get across the idea that the peptidoglycan cell wall is strong enough to support such a mechanism? with a protein rod that passes through the cell wall and protein rings used to anchor it in the membranes, these basal bodies are the rudimentary biological motors that use atp power to spin the hook and the flagella attached to it. bacterial flagella have a biological motor that spins within the cell wall and is powered by atp. this allows the flagella to spin in a whiplike motion to propel the bacterium.

Which of the following is a consequence of urban heat islands? increased precipitation downwind of the city? increased precipitation upwind of the city? decreased winds within the city? increased winds within the city?

Up until 1938, paleontologists accepted the idea that coelacanths (an ancient fish) went extinct at the time that they last appear in the fossil record, about 80 million years ago. but in 1938, a live coelacanth was discovered off the coast of south africa that was compared to the fossil record and found to be the same species what goal of science does this discovery represent