12. Solar energy enters food chains through the life processes of (1) omnivores
(2) decomposers (3) carnivores
(4) producers

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.

energy per photon is e = h*c / λ  

e = 6.63*10^-34 * 3*10^8 / 6*10^-7 j = 3.315*10^-19 j  

nr. of photons = 10j / 3.315*10 = ^-19 j per photon = 3.02*10^19 photons

the limb fractures are among the most common fractures. open fractures are comparatively more dangerous. the injury patterns are dependent on many factors, such as the age of the person, and mechanism of the injury. the closed fractures of the limbs if left untreated may lead to a significant amount of the blood loss, which may be life-threatening for the person. approximately 1000-1500 ml of blood is lost in the close fracture of the femur, and 500-1000 ml of blood is lost in the closed fracture of lower part of the limbs.