The principles of probability can be used to
a. decide which organisms are best to use in genetic crosses.
b. predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses.
c. determine which species should be used in genetic crosses.
d. determine the actual outcomes of genetic crosses.

Option B, predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses

Explanation:

Lets see an example -

Suppose there are two adult cats , where female cat has brown (BB)haired and it is a dominant trait while male cat is recessive grey (bb) haired organism.

If a cross is carried out between these two species then through probability it can be derived that how many species will be grey (Bb) haired

Let see the punnet square for the cross-

BB

bBbBb

bBbBb

Thus out of four offspring’s produced all the offspring’s are grey (Bb) colored. Thus, there is a 100% probability that if a cross is carried out between female cat having brown hair (BB) and a male cat having black hair (bb), the offsprings will have grey (Bb) hair.

In this way probability can help to predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses

"1. it should be, it has been for about 20 years, and it's really not much different in the end than breeding animals to have particular traits. there are always concerns about genetically engineered animals/plants affecting the environment in unexpected negative ways, but i can't think of an example where the fears didn't turn out to be baseless.  

first, as you point out, it would be a great advance in pharmacology, to be able to tailor drugs and their doses to me. the pros involve better medical treatment. the cons involve privacy issues like insurance companies denying coverage to people with genetic risk factors. looking at dna markers wouldn't affect the frequency of genetic diseases, but it would allow detection of them earlier. and ok, actually i suppose that if people used this information to avoid having children with genetic diseases, some might decrease in frequency."

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