Humans and chimpanzees diverged about 6 million years ago. If 12 nucleotide substitutions have occurred between human and chimpanzee lineages in a sequence of mitochondrial DNA, and 36 have occurred between humans and gibbons, humans and gibbons, according to the molecular clock, separated million years ago.

African penguins, which inhabit the coasts of southern africa, were classified as an endangered species in 2010. two significant threats to their survival are ecosystem damage from oil spills and overfishing by humans. overfishing depletes the food supply of african penguins. the best method to reduce the threat of overfishing would be to . the risk of oil spills could be reduced by increasing the use of , which should oil consumption. if an oil spill does occur, could be used to remove the oil so the ecosystem may more quickly recover.