How do atp and nadph connect light-dependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?

atp and nadph are produced in both reactions.

atp and nadph are used in both reactions.

atp and nadph are produced in the light-dependent reactions and used in the light-independent reactions.

atp and nadph are produced in the light-independent reactions and used in the light-dependent reactions.

The correct answer is -

ATP and NADPH are produced in the light-dependent reactions and used in the light-independent reactions.

Explanation:

Light dependent and light independent phase are the two different phases of photosynthesis (formation of food in green plants and algae).

During the first phase (light independent phase) , energy from sunlight is captured in presence of CO2 (carbon dioxide) and water and it is transformed into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Energy from these products is further used in the light independent phase for the formation of food ( glucose).

Thus, third option is the right answer.

kelp are large brown algae that live in cool, relatively shallow waters close to the shore. they grow in dense groupings much like a forest on land. these underwater towers of kelp provide food and shelter for thousands of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammal species.

e) all of the above

the species living around the vents are especially good at dispersal.  

deep-sea vent originates on the floor of the ocean when seawater circulates through hot volcanic rocks, usually situated where the new oceanic crust is being produced.  

biological dispersal refers to the movement of species from their location of birth to their site of breeding, or from breeding site to another. similarly, the oceanic dispersal refers to the movement of the species from one land mass to another by sea crossing.