Explain how this system maximizes glucose absorption from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells and from the epithelial cells into the blood.

The digestive system maximizes absorption from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells and from the epithelial cells into the blood through the use of microvilli.

The lining of the intestines has specialized cells in order to maximize the absorption of nutrients. These epithelial cells absorb from the lumen and from the epithelial cells into the blood. The specializations are called microvilli.

The specialization present is in the form of microvilli, multiple prolongations of the exterior membrane that expand the surface area, allowing the cells to absorb nutrients over a larger area. This is the method used by the digestive system to maximize the absorption of glucose and other nutrients.

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Transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the blood. Activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase (green) in the basolateral surface membrane generates Na+ and K+ concentration gradients, and the K+ gradient generates an inside-negative membrane potential.

Explanation:

The Na+K+ ATPase uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move Na+ out of the epithelial cells lining the intestine and into the blood. The reduced concentration of Na+ inside the cell coupled with high Na+ inside the lumen of the intestine results in a driving force for the movement of Na+ into the cell.

The cotransporters in the membrane of the epithelial cell facing the intestine allow Na+ to enter only when accompanied by either glucose or one of the amino acids (each have their own set of co-transporters).

Glucose then moves into the blood through the permease in the membrane between the cell and the blood. Thus, ATP is used as an energy source to drive Na+ out of the cell, resulting in glucose transport from the intestine to the blood.

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