Which physical characteristics are found on earth but not on the moon ?

Oceans, active volcanoes, an atmosphere, life, etc.

any abiotic or biotic factor in an ecosystem that causes a population's size to slow or decrease is a limiting factor.

the earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions from a cloud of hydrogen, helium, rock, ice and other materials. these were pulled together by gravity to form objects in and around earth like- asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals.

so, the best possible answer to this question will be option d- to harden materials to form different parts of earth’s layers