Assume that gene A controls the conversion of a white pigment, P0, into another white pigment, P1; the dominant allele A specifies an enzyme necessary for this conversion, and the recessive allele a specifies a defective enzyme without biochemical function. Gene B controls the conversion of the white pigment, P1, into a pink pigment, P2; the dominant allele, B, produces the enzyme necessary for this conversion, and the recessive allele, b, produces a defective enzyme. The dominant allele, C, of the third gene specifies an enzyme that converts the pink pigment, P2, into a red pigment, P3; its recessive allele, c, produces an altered enzyme that cannot carry out this conversion. The dominant allele, D, of a fourth gene produces a polypeptide that completely inhibits the function of enzyme C; that is, it blocks the reaction P2 → P3. Its recessive allele, d, produces a defective polypeptide that does not block this reaction. Assume that flower color is determined solely by these four genes and that they assort independently. In the F2 of a cross between plants of the genotype AA bb CC DD and plants of the genotype aa BB cc dd, what proportion of the plants will have (a) red flowers? (b) pink flowers? (c) white flowers?

Explanation:

Available data:

This is:

In the presence of the dominant alleles A, B, and C, the three reactions might occur:

Po (white 0) > P1 (White 1) > P2 (Pink) > P3 (Red)

                     A                         B                     C

In the presence of the recessive alleles a, b or c, the three reactions or some of them might not occur ( the X represents the inhibition of the reaction):

Po (white 0) --X--> P1 (White 1) --X--> P2 (Pink) --X--> P3 (Red)

                        a                           b                       c

In the presence of allele D, the last reaction is not possible, because D inhibits the action of C

P2 (Pink) --X--> P3 (Red)

             C  +  D                                                                              

So, in order to get Red flowers we must have the next genotype:

A-B-C-dd (The three reactions can occur, and D must be absent)

To get Pink flowers  we must have the next genotypes:

A-B-C-D- (D Inhibits C, hence it inhibits the third reaction) or A-B-ccD- or A-B-ccdd (cc does not allow the third reaction to happen, independently of the D gene presence)

To get White flowers  we must have the next genotypes:

aaB-C-D-, aabbC-D-, aaB-ccD-, aabbccD-, aabbccdd, aaB-C-dd, aaB-ccdd, aabbC-dd, A-bbC-D-, A-bbccD-, A-bbC-dd, A-bbccdd

(aa must be present to get a white0 flower, or bb must be present to get a white1 flower)

In the proposed problem, we have that the parentals are AAbbCCDD and aaBBccdd, so we can tell that the whole F1 progeny will be heterozygous for the four genes, this is AaBbCcDd.

Knowing that these four genes assort independently, then we can infer that the F2 will have the next genotypic proportions for each gene:

AA + Aa=3/4

aa= 1/4

BB + bb= 3/4

bb = 1/4

CC + Cc = 3/4

cc= 1/4

DD + Dd =3/4

dd= 1/4

So, to get the proportions of each trait, we must multiply the respective genotypic proportions, like this:

                 A- x B- x cc x D-: 3/4 x 3/ x 1/4 x 3/4 = 27/256

                 A- x B- x cc x dd: 3/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 x 1/4= 9/256

        By summing these proportions, we can get the proportion of all the pink flowers: 27/256 + 81/256 + 27/256 + 9/256= 117/256

Then 112/256 is the proportion of white flowers.                                    

9.9 years

a = p(1 + rt) . . account balance after time t at rate r starting with principal p

3000 = 2500(1 + 0.0202t) . . filling in the given numbers

1.2 = 1 + 0.0202t . . divide by 2500

0.2 = 0.0202t . . . subtract 1

0.2/0.0202 = t ≈ 9.901

it will take about 9.9 years for the account balance to reach $3000.

glacial erosion, the picking up and movement of earth beneath a glacier, is also referred to as plucking. erosion and transportation of individual pieces of bedrock, especially large "joint block occur as a result of this glacial erosion. plucking is type of erosion in which rocks become frozen into the bottom and sides of the glacier.as the glacier moves downhill it 'plucks' the rocks frozen into the glacier from the ground.