Which of the following changes would lead to an increase in surface-area-to-volume ratios?A.) decreasing the projections of the choanocytes of sponges on the outer surface of the bodyB.) increasing the number of layers in the chloroplasts of plantsC.) thickening of the body of earthwormsD.) reducing the branching of the mesoderm tissues of sponges

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

If a human has 23 pairs of chromosomes in every muscle cell of its body how many chromosomes will be in a human egg or sperm

What household products contain algae?