Cardiac output is . a. equal to blood flow and equal to heart rate times b. stroke volume equal to blood flow equal to heart rate times c. stroke volume equal to heart rate times (EDV minus ESV) d. All of the above.

Option-D

Explanation:

Cardiac output refers to the amount or volume of the blood which is pumped by each ventricle that is left and the right ventricle in the Heart. The volume can be calculated in terms of the heart rate or the heartbeats per minute and the stroke volume.

The stroke volume depends on the volume of blood present before the contraction that is an end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the volume of the blood after contraction or end-systolic volume (ESV).

The mathematical expression of the Cardiac output thus becomes  

CO= HR x SV   or

CO= HR x (EDV-EVS)

Thus, Option-D is correct.

answer; the correct answer is conflict- related aggression; +

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.