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Q2: Drag the words from below to complete this passage.
uk bitesize : guides zodfmsg revision 1
nheritance - Genetic inheritance - AQA-GCSE
es are found in the nucleus of a body cell in pairs. One chromos
ther and one is inherited from the father. The chromosome in each
in the same location. These genes could be the same, or different
Each chromosome in the cell is paired with an identical
chromosome. The same gene appears on both chromosomes,
so there must be two genes for every characteristic: one on
each chromosome. These genes are called
each other.
e also ask
the name given to cells that have only one copy of each ch
the two members of a homologous chromosome pair have
If the two genes are identicar, we call them
they are different from each other, we call them
there two types of gene controlling one characteristic?
omosome pairs identical?
Rec
The male and female sex cells contain only one of each
chromosome. This means that there
of each
gene in the sex cells.
o. uk> bitesize guides > revision 1
ision - Cell division - AQA- GCSE Biology (Sing
omes carry genetic information in a molecule called DNA. A type of
ome in a pair carries the same types of genes. ... In females, the tw
cal in shape There is an X and also a Y chromosome.
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recessive
are copies
alleles
are two
heterozygous
dominant
gametes
is one
homozygous
re. com) scitable , topicpage > inheritance-of-traits-by-offs...
ance of Traits by Offspring Follows Predictable R
cells contain two alleles for every gene, with one allele provided by
y tree, the father in the first generation shows a particular trait (as.
ants provide the same allele of a given gene, and the ... each membe
some pair contains one allele for every gene
alleys

primary succession begins with a bare rock and ends with a forest secondary succession begins after a natural disaster where there is a temporary setback after a forest fire or local destruction, but the surrounding area can fill in

synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity. the walls of this space are formed by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface. the bones of the joint articulate with each other within the joint cavity.

friction between the bones at a synovial joint is prevented by the presence of the articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone. however, unlike at a cartilaginous joint, the articular cartilages of each bone are not continuous with each other. instead, the articular cartilage acts like a teflon® coating over the bone surface, allowing the articulating bones to move smoothly against each other without damaging the underlying bone tissue. lining the inner surface of the articular capsule is a thin synovial membrane. the cells of this membrane secrete synovial fluid (synovia = “a thick fluid”), a thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint. this fluid also provides nourishment to the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels. the ability of the bones to move smoothly against each other within the joint cavity, and the freedom of joint movement this provides, means that each synovial joint is functionally classified as a diarthrosis.

outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by ligaments, which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. these strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the bones together and preventing their separation. ligaments allow for normal movements at a joint, but limit the range of these motions, thus preventing excessive or abnormal joint movements. ligaments are classified based on their relationship to the fibrous articular capsule. an extrinsic ligament is located outside of the articular capsule, an intrinsic ligament is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule, and an intracapsular ligament is located inside of the articular capsule.

at many synovial joints, additional support is provided by the muscles and their tendons that act across the joint. a tendon is the dense connective tissue structure that attaches a muscle to bone. as forces acting on a joint increase, the body will automatically increase the overall strength of contraction of the muscles crossing that joint, thus allowing the muscle and its tendon to serve as a “dynamic ligament” to resist forces and support the joint. this type of indirect support by muscles is very important at the shoulder joint, for example, where the ligaments are relatively weak.

additional structures associated with synovial joints

a few synovial joints of the body have a fibrocartilage structure located between the articulating bones. this is called an articular disc, which is generally small and oval-shaped, or a meniscus, which is larger and c-shaped. these structures can serve several functions, depending on the specific joint. in some places, an articular disc may act to strongly unite the bones of the joint to each other. examples of this include the articular discs found at the sternoclavicular joint or between the distal ends of the radius and ulna bones. at other synovial joints, the disc can provide shock absorption and cushioning between the bones, which is the function of each meniscus within the knee joint. finally, an articular disc can serve to smooth the movements between the articulating bones, as seen at the temporomandibular joint. some synovial joints also have a fat pad, which can serve as a cushion between the bones.

characterization of nanoparticles is a critical step in nanomaterial production as it provides information of dimension, morphology, surface charge, distribution and degree of surface functionalization.