For natural selection to cause evolution, it must select for or against one or more of the genotypes for a trait. In the simple case of a trait that is determined by a single gene with two alleles, there are five combinations of genotypes that nature can select:

1. either homozygote (AA or aa but not both)

2. both homozygotes (AA and aa)

3. either homozygote and the heterozygote (AA and Aa or aa and Aa)

4. the heterozygote (Aa)

5. all alleles (AA, Aa, and aa).

Sediment layers stop lateral spreading when: they encounter a barrier they encounter an opposing current they run out of additional sedimentary material

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which was most likely an effect on society that resulted from improvements in blood handling during world war i and world war ii?