Mutations: Amplification, Deletion, Insertion, Nondisjunction, Radiation, Substitution, Translocation, and Virus.
Mendel's Principles: Co-dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Independent assortment, Law of dominance, Law of segregation, and Sex linked traits.
Explanation:
Mutations:
Amplification, Deletion, Insertion, Nondisjunction, Radiation, Substitution, Translocation, and Viruses can all cause mutations.
Amplification= The action of making multiple copies of a gene or DNA sequence.
Deletion= The loss or excision of a section of genetic code, or its product, from a nucleic acid or protein sequence.
Insertion= The addition of extra DNA or RNA into a section of genetic material.
Nondisjunction= The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
Radiation= Radiation can cause mutations in two different ways: Direct effect : radiation breaks bonds in DNA, this breaks the strands and mutation can occur when it is not properly repaired. Indirect effect : radiation causes other molecules to lose an electron.
Substitution= A genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
Translocation= In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes balanced and unbalanced translocation, with two main types: reciprocal-, and Robertsonian translocation.
Virus= Virus mutation is mutation of viruses and may refer to: The feature of viruses to cause mutation in the human genome. The feature of viruses to perform viral genetic change in their own genome.
Mendel's Principles:
Co-dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Independent assortment, Law of dominance, Law of segregation, and Sex linked traits are all principles of Gregor Mendel.
Co-dominance= Codominance is a form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
Incomplete Dominance= Incomplete dominance is when a dominant allele, or form of a gene, does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele, and the organism’s resulting physical appearance shows a blending of both alleles. It is also called semi-dominance or partial dominance.
Independent assortment= Mendel's third law. Independent assortment is a genetic term that refers to the variation of chromosomes, or genetic information, during sex cell division. This variation allows for genetic differentiation in offspring.
Law of dominance= Mendel's first law. It states that when two alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, then, the allele that is expressed is dominant whereas the allele that is not expressed is recessive.
Law of segregation= Mendel's second law. It states that during the production of gametes, the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.
Sex linked traits= A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome.
