4-1 Reading Guide Name:

is the day to day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place.
Climate refers to the average
conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
, , and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range.
If these gases were not present the Earth would be ° cooler.
Because Earth is a sphere that is tilted on its axis, solar radiation strikes different parts of the Earth’s surface at an angle that .
Earth’s three main climate zones are , , .
The upward movement of air and the downward movement of air create air currents, or winds.
patterns of heating and cooling occur in the Earth’s oceans.
and other can also affect winds and ocean currents.
4-2 What shapes an Ecosystem?

Define biotic factors:
Define abiotic factors:
The area where an organism lives is called its .
If an organism’s habitat is its , it niche is its .
No two species can the same niche in the same .
What is competition?
The competitive exclusion principle states that

Give an example of a predator and its prey.
What are the three types of symbiosis? , , and .
In figure 4-6, what would happen to the aphids if the ant died?
are constantly changing in response to natural and disturbances.
Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession.

What are pioneer species?
And give an example.
Figure 4-9 illustrates the stages in a -- community.
What are the first organisms to be attracted to the whale carcass?
What organisms decompose whale oil?

North carolina ranks second in christmas tree production has nothing to do with biotechnology

It is platinum in the market value

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic 

From a high concentration to a low concentration.