Once cells with nuclei developed, organisms were able to become more complex, which allowed them to adapt to the conditions in more habitats. By which process do organisms adapt and evolve?

relative dating involves things like higher layers are most recent than rocks lower in the sequence. this can be extended to the known sequence of fossils. rocks containing rabbit fossils are later than those containing dinosaur fossils.  

absolute dating methods mainly use radioactive elements that have known rates of decay and produce recognizable products. for example potassium 40 decays to produce argon. once a rock has solidified the argon is trapped. by measuring the argon and potassium0 you can get an accurate number for the age.  

some other methods are good for archaeological ages. dendrochronology involves recognizing the sequence of tree rings. the orientation of magnetized particles in baked clay can be used to date a fire.

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protocol for imps extraction focusing on membrane protein extraction, solubilisation, and purification.

b. the carbon cycle ensures living things have a source of hydrogen