If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then beneficial mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells via .

The table above shows five different types of chromosomal abnormalities that can occur during meiosis. they result in either an individual having too many or too few chromosomes in their genome. what is the most likely cause of these chromosomal abnormalities?