Biology, 10.03.2020 04:10 jalenshayewilliams

One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to , which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.

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One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3b binding to the surface of microbes, which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.

Explanation:

C3b binds to the surface of microbes (opsonin), and functions as a component of C3 and C5 convertases while C3a stimulates inflammation.

The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by the deposition of C3b on the surface of a microbe. The microbe- bound C3b binds another protein called Factor B, which is then broken down by a plasma protease called Factor D to generate the Bb fragment.

This fragment remains attached to C3b, and the C3bBb complex functions as an enzyme, called C3 convertase, to break down more C3. The C3 convertase is stabilized by properdin, a positive regulator of the complement system.

As a result of this enzymatic activity, many more C3b and C3bBb molecules are produced and become attached to the microbe. Some of the C3bBb molecules bind an additional C3b molecule, and the resulting C3bBb3b complexes function as C5 convertases, to break down the complement protein C5 and initiate the late steps of complement activation.

The main effectors of the complement system are opsonization, cell lysis and inflammation. It also stimulates B cell responses and antibody production.

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Proteins vitamins and a carbohydrate is a atom
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Mantle convection is the slow creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface.[1][2] the earth's surface lithosphere, which rides atop the asthenosphere (the two components of the upper mantle), is divided into a number of plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction usually at an ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4] while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from spinel to silicate perovskiteand magnesiowustite, an endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6] and mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the tectonic plates are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the hadean period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten iron, and nickel elements and sulphides in the core, and lighter silicate minerals in the mantle.

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One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to , which then causes...