Scientists are able to use body waves to determine what make up the different layers of the earth interior. What characteristics to the body waves have that allow scientists to do this?

Explanation:

Body waves are waves that moves within the earth. They propagate within the earth and have very interesting capabilities in different mediums.

There are two main types of body waves:

On a seismograph, wherever we cannot see an S-wave suggests that liquids or gases are present because they will not allow this wave to pass through.

Whenever we see P-waves, solids, liquids and gases are present.

This is a very important property used to investigate the subsurface.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).