PLEASE HELP

1. With the help of Fig 1.1, explain why the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is highly folded.

2. Suggest one organic substance, which would accumulate in a human cell subjected to oligomycin treatment.

Inner mitochondrial membrane hosts several enzymes required for electron transport chain. To increase the amount of energy production per mitochondria, the inner Mitochondrial membrane is folded.

Mitochondria is one of the membrane bound organelles of the eukaryotic cells. It has a bilayered membrane that has the inner membrane which is selectively permeable and the outer mitochondrial membrane which is mostly permeable.

The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded to form the cristae. They hosts the maximum amount of enzymes in form of 4 complexes which are required for the electron transport chain. So to host maximum amount of enzyme in the membrane and to maximise the production of ATP the inner Mitochondrial membrane is folded.

Oligomycin is a type of antibiotic that binds with the F0F1 channel blocking the flow of proton thereby blocking formation of ATP. In presence of Oligomycin, the channel is blocked, leading to the increase in the proton concentration in the innermembrane place. As the maximum concentration is reached, the NADHs aren't accepted by the enzyme for oxidation and proton donation. So they accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix.

1. The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is highly folded because it provides surface area for redox reaction in electron transport chain.

2. Lactate will accumulate in human cell due to anaerobic respiration as oligomycin inhibits the ATP synthase enzyme.

Explanation:

Inner membrane of mitochondria is also called cristae.

It is a site of electron transport chain where redox reaction takes place for the production of ATP.

The cristae are folded to increase the surface area for ATP production in the aerobic respiration.

The enzyme for ATP synthesis is  ATP synthase which is present in inner membrane of mitochondria or cristae.

The cristae is made up of phospholipid bilayer in which protein for electron transport chain are also present.

NADH and FADH2 are the electron transporters travelling to inner membrane of the mitochondria.

When pumping of electrons in inner membrane takes place negative charge is formed in matrix and in intermembrane space positive charge is formed. This difference in charge creates a gradient of proton.This is driving factor in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION process.

NADH gets oxidized to NAD in complex 1 and FADH oxidizes FADH2, complex 3 do not have electron, the electrons from the complex 1 and 2 goes there thereby going to complex 4 and reducing oxygen to water.

2. Oligomycin treatment causes inhibition of ATP synthase enzyme because it blocks the proton channel in cristae. This will lead to stopping of electron transport chain. The cell will have high accumulation of lactate in blood and urine because aerobic respiration has stopped and oxygen consumption is stopped. So lactate will be produced as a result of anaerobic respiration.

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sheep is a herbivore animal whereas grasshopper belongs to the class chordates but both of them feed on greens.  

if grasshopper and sheep feeding on a pasture land, i do not think both of them will have any impact on each other. however, the number of the species can make difference. since sheep feed on greens, there is a possibility there left no pasture land for the grasshoppers or they may get extinct.