A resident of seventeenth-century France who died at age forty began having children at age twenty. What percentage of the children would be expected to die before this parent

During the twentieth century, life expectancy rose more quickly, except during the two World Wars. Infant and child deaths became much rarer: 15% of all babies died before age one in 1900, 5% in 1950 and just 0.4% (3,5 for thousand exactly) born in 2015. Life expectancy is still increasing, thanks to progress in the fight against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In 20167, life expectancy at birth in France was 79,5 years old for men and 85,4 years old for women).

Explanation:

Life expectancy almost doubled in the twentieth century

In the mid eighteenth century, half of all children died before age ten, and life expectancy was just 25 years. It reached 30 years at the end of the century, then jumped to 37 years in 1810, partly thanks to smallpox vaccination. It continued to increase slowly during the nineteenth century, reaching 45 years in 1900. During the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1870, life expectancy plummeted temporarily to below 30 years once again.

During the twentieth century, life expectancy rose more quickly, except during the two World Wars. Infant and child deaths became much rarer: 15% of all babies died before age one in 1900, 5% in 1950 and just 0.4% (3,5 for thousand exactly) born in 2015. Life expectancy is still increasing, thanks to progress in the fight against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In 20167, life expectancy at birth in France was 79,5 years old for men and 85,4 years old for women).

Reading the graph

This graph shows the variations in life expectancy in France from 1740 to 2012. The horizontal axis covers the last 260 years, from the mid eighteenth century. The life expectancy calculated for a given year represents the mean number of years a group of persons would live if the prevailing patterns of mortality in that year were to apply to them throughout their life. In other words, between their birth and first birthday, their risk of dying would be that of infants aged below one in that year, between ages 1 and 2, that of children aged 1-2 in that year, and so on.

Life expectancy is expressed in years. It is often calculated separately for males and females.

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Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.