Which of the factors likely contributed to the evolution of inducible defenses against herbivory?a. differing strategies for overcoming plant defenses among herbivores b. unpredictable fluctuations in local herbivore populations c. the cost to growth of allocating resources to defense d. consistent fitness benefits of high allocations to defense

Option-(A,D): Consistent fitness benefits of high allocations to defense and differing strategies for overcoming plant defenses among herbivores.

Explanation:

The plants or primary producers are there in order to provide the optimum amount of energy for the different beings to survive, but there are some limitations for each living being itself and for that reason the plant life have also evolved it self not be over consumed by the herbivores or the primary consumers. As the herbivore are also evolving through time as they assembled there system and chemical balances that corresponds to any of the harmful material present inside the plants body and during the ingestion of such body parts the herbivores may be effected. So,they have evolved there body system in order to make some arrangements for confronting any complication faced by them.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.