Imagine that researchers publish a study that shows the following positive correlation: College students who spend more money on new clothes tend to have more friends. Which of the following represents a plausible explanation for this correlation?

1.Spending more money on new clothes makes college students more attractive to potential new friends.

2.Having a lot of friends to go shopping with makes college students spend more money on new clothes

3.Wealthy college students have more money to spend on new clothes and more money to do fun things with friends.

4.All of these are plausible explanations for the correlation.

Bruner and Revuski's research with high school students pressing telegraph keys showed that

1.people can easily develop superstitious behaviors without even being aware of it.

2.people are much smarter than pigeons.

3.earning a nickel is not an effective reinforcement for most high-school students.

4.superstitious behaviors are just as easy to extinguish as they are to learn.

How did Skinner create "superstitious" pigeons?

1.By punishing the pigeons randomly.

2.By using shaping and chaining techniques to train the pigeons to deal out tarot cards.

3.By giving the pigeons regular noncontingent reinforcement (rewards that didn't depend on their behavior).

4.By reinforcing the pigeons whenever they engaged in "superstitious" behavior such as stepping over lines drawn on the floor of their cages.