A vertebra is subjected to a shearing force of 340 N. Find the shear deformation (in m), taking the vertebra to be a cylinder 3.50 cm high and 4.50 cm in diameter.

Microorganisms aren’t all decomposers; in fact, many act as producers or primary consumers in an ecosystem. how do microorganisms that act as producers benefit the rest of an ecosystem in terms of energy transfer? what about microorganisms that act as primary consumers?

Atypical human cell is approximately 12.00 μm in diameter and enclosed by a membrane that is 5.000 nm thick. (a) what is the volume of the cell including the membrane? (b) what is the volume of the cell membrane? (c) what percent of the total volume does its membrane occupy? to simplify the calculations, model the cell as a sphere. enter your answers using four significant figures.

Describe the function of the endomembrane system? what organelles are involved?