Which of the following principles states that a structure that contains another structure is younger than the structure which it contains?
Lateral Extension
Cross-Cutting Relationships
Uniformitarianism
Inclusion

In geology and stratigraphy, a principle states that  a structure that contains another structure is younger than the structure it contains, and is called the principle of inclusion.

Explanation:

A mass of granitic rocks is covered, over time, by a sedimentary rock stratum, being the first oldest (stratum included) and the one containing the most recent.

The inclusion principle is related to the principle of superposition, proposed by Steno, in which the layers of surface rocks are more recent or younger than the deeper layers.

In general terms, the principle of inclusion establishes that when a rock is inside another, the internal one is older than the external one that covers it.

Learn more:

Superposition principle link

the second type of galaxy is called a barred spiral, which has a thing called a bar straddling the nucleus

the answer is sex-linked recessive.