We discussed the technical parameter, genetic relatedness, in detail, including its specific meaning and its causal impact in the context of the evolution of social behavior. Which of the following is (are) a true statement about genetic relatedness?

a. Genetic relatedness describes the statistical probability that an individual piece of design information in one individual is an exact copy of a piece in a second animal by virtue of having been inherited from a very recent common ancestor.

b. Genetic relatedness describes the statistical probability that cooperative help between two animals will enhance the replication of the specific pieces of information building each animal.

c. Genetic relatedness describes the statistical parameter that animals will evolve to "use" in assessing the cost/benefit of cooperation and conflict with conspecifics where conflicts of interest are involved.

d. all of the above e. a. and b.

Option (c).

Explanation:

The kin selection was first used by the Hamilton's and explains how this selection increases the frequency among the recipient and the actor and also  explain the genetic relatedness among the family members.

The Hamilton's rule depends on the genetic relatedness r and the benefits obtained by the action to the recipient and the energy or cost used during the action. The selection is positive if the product of genetic relatedness and benefits is more than the cost.

Thus, the correct answer is option (c).

the cytokine-activated janus kinase (jak)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) pathway has an important role in the control of immune responses. dysregulation of jak-stat signaling is associated with various immune disorders.

b tumor cells have a cell wall instead of a membrane

explanation:

tumor cells different from normal cells because tumor cells have a cell wall instead of a membrane.