In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by . In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by . decreasing the fluidity of all cellular membranes emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars decreasing the numbers of phospholipids in cell membranes

increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars

Explanation:

In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars, fatty acids, proteins and amino acids.

During acclimation in low temperatures, sugars especially sucrose are stored in high concentration, and act as cryoprotectants. High concentrations of oligosaccharides improves high viscosity in the cytoplasm of freeze-dehydrated cells,  and hence protect the membranes from any deleterious interactions.

Extremely low temperature tolerant plants have an increased content of total lipid during acclimation to freezing temperatures.

soluble protein and amino acid contents also increases in freezing temperatures.

Increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars

Explanation:

By increasing these concentrations of solutes the water takes a anti freezing effect just as when we add ethyl lead into the carborator of car to prevent cooling. These solute concentration increase or decrease according to the varaitions in weather and mostly seen in hard wood species like oak etc...

i think its c. amphipod

"1. it should be, it has been for about 20 years, and it's really not much different in the end than breeding animals to have particular traits. there are always concerns about genetically engineered animals/plants affecting the environment in unexpected negative ways, but i can't think of an example where the fears didn't turn out to be baseless.  

first, as you point out, it would be a great advance in pharmacology, to be able to tailor drugs and their doses to me. the pros involve better medical treatment. the cons involve privacy issues like insurance companies denying coverage to people with genetic risk factors. looking at dna markers wouldn't affect the frequency of genetic diseases, but it would allow detection of them earlier. and ok, actually i suppose that if people used this information to avoid having children with genetic diseases, some might decrease in frequency."