Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral anaerobic cell and established a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with it. Which of the following statements is NOT true about these organelles? a. They are similar in size to small bacteria. b. They have their own circular genomic DNA. c. They have their own ribosomes. d. They have their own transfer RNAS. e. They are found in all eukaryotes.

Match the following terms describing electrical events with the correct phases of the cardiac cycle. the ventricular muscle cells depolarize at the start of this phase. during this phase, na+ entry through the funny channels causes the pacemaker potential of sa nodal cells to gradually become less negative until it reaches threshold. the ventricular muscle cells repolarize right before this phase. the cytosolic concentration of calcium in the contractile cells of the ventricle is highest during this phase. a. isovolumetric relaxation b. ventricular ejection c. isovolumetric contraction d. ventricular filling

Which statement about the immune system is false? a. lymphocytes reduce inflammation, b. b cells remember specific pathogens. c. most white blood cells kill bacteria d. white blood cells are made in lymph nodes.

What causes darkening of the skin as melanin production increases