the blue shiner is an endangered fish in georgia. it lives in the coosawattee river. a dam is built on the river to create a reservoir. the water below the dam decreases.

what would most likely happen to the blue shiner numbers after the dam is built on the river?
a) they would decrease because of new predator fish.
b) they would increase because they will have more space to lay eggs.
c) they would decrease because the dam would change the environment.
d) they would increase because there would be more nutrients in the water.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).