2. which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
i. mutations always have a negative effect on the individual.
ii. mutations can have a positive effect on an individual.
iii. mutations can have no effect on an individual.
iv. mutations usually have a negative effect on an individual.
a. i only
c. i, ii, iii, and iv
b. i and iii only
d. ii, iii, and iv only

option D) II, III, and IV only

II. Mutations can have a positive effect on an individual.

III. Mutations can have no effect on an individual.

IV. Mutations usually have a negative effect on an individual.

Explanation:

The effects of mutation on the fitness of an organism include:

II) a mutation can be positive once it increases the fitness of the organism e.g the emergence of the malaria-resistant sickle cell hemoglobin gene (AS) instead of the AA gene that is susceptible to malaria attack.

III) a mutation that occurs in an amino acid that results in the use of a different, but chemically similar amino acid e.g a change from AAA to AGA will encode arginine, a chemically similar molecule to the intended lysine. This is called a NEUTRAL MUTATION - and it has no effect on the organism

IV) In general, mutations usually are deleterious - having negative effects - and reducing the fitness of organism. e.g Sickle cell anemia and hemophilia are due to mutations

it is a learned trait

explanation:

the "dirty dozen" chemicals banned in an international treaty are formally known as persistent organic pollutants, or pops. the united nations environment program provided this background on what they are and what they can do to humans and wildlife.

i hope this