Using the hardy-weinberg law of equilibrium, evaluate whether the populations are in equilibrium or not.

scenario 1 you have a population of 1000 people, and you are looking at the population genetics of a blood marker that has two alleles. the dominant allele (y) makes the protein, and the recessive allele (y) does not make the protein. when you test the blood of the population, you find: 490 people have the genotype yy 420 people have the genotype yy 90 people have the genotype yy what are the allele frequencies (y and y)? what are the expected genotype frequencies (yy, yy, and yy)? is the population in equilibrium? yes or no? if the population is not in equilibrium, which of the assumptions of hardy-weinberg do you think may have been violated?

scenario 2 now, a few of the people in your study population move to settle an isolated, empty island. you travel to the island and do a genetic survey of the population. 60 are yy 40 are yy 0 are yy what are the allele frequencies (y and y)? what are the expected genotype frequencies (yy, yy, and yy)? is the population in equilibrium? yes or no? if the population is not in equilibrium, which of the assumptions of hardy-weinberg do you think may have been violated?

Answer/Explanation:

Scenario 1

What are the allele frequencies (Y and y)?

490 people have the genotype YY, 420 people have the genotype Yy, and 90 people have the genotype yy.

The allele frequency of Y is 490 (from the YY group) + half of 420 (from the Yy group) = 700. There are 1000 people total, so the allele frequency of Y is 700/1000 = 0.7 (70%)

The allele frequency of y is 90 (from the yy group) + half of 420 (from the Yy group) = 300. There are 1000 people total, so the allele frequency of y 300/1000 = 0.3 (30%)

This checks out, as the equation for the allele frequencies for 2 alleles of a gene  is p + q = 1.0. In this case, Y + y = 1 (as 0.7 + 0.3 = 1)

What are the expected genotype frequencies (YY, Yy, and yy)?

The expected genotypes based on genotype frequencies p and q are calculated from the following equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (or 100%).

Therefore, the expected frequency of YY (p²) is 0.7² = 0.49 (or 49%). For a population of 1000, that means we expect 490 YY.

The expected frequency of Yy (2pq) is 2 x 0.3 x 0.7 = 0.42 (or 42%) For a population of 1000, that means we expect 420 Yy.

The expected frequency of yy (q²) is 0.3² = 0.09 (or 42%) For a population of 1000, that means we expect 90 yy.

Is the population in equilibrium? Yes or no?

This matches up with our observations exactly (and the total of the values 0.49 + 0.42 + 0.09 = 1), meaning that yes, the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

Scenario 2

What are the allele frequencies (Y and y)?

60 people have the genotype YY, 40 people have the genotype Yy, and 0 people have the genotype yy.

The allele frequency of Y is 60 (from the YY group)  + half of 40 (from the Yy group) = 80. There are 100 people total (60 + 40 + 0), so the allele frequency of Y is 80/100 = 0.8 (80%)

The allele frequency of y is 0 (from the yy group)  + half of 40 (from the Yy group) = 20. There are 100 people total (60 + 40 + 0), so the allele frequency of Y is 20/100  = 0.2 (20%)

What are the expected genotype frequencies (YY, Yy, and yy)?

The expected genotypes based on genotype frequencies p and q are calculated from the following equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (or 100%).

Therefore, the expected frequency of YY (p²) is 0.8² = 0.64 (or 64%). For a population of 100, that means we expect 64 YY.

The expected frequency of Yy (2pq) is 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.32 (or 32%) For a population of 100, that means we expect 32 Yy.

The expected frequency of yy (q²) is 0.2² = 0.04 (or 4%) For a population of 100, that means we expect 4 yy.

Is the population in equilibrium? Yes or no?

No, the population deviates from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, because we are missing any individuals with a yy genotype. This means the observed frequencies are not true of the expected frequency

If the population is not in equilibrium, which of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg do you think may have been violated?

The assumption that has likely been violated is that the population is large. This population is small, and is a small sample of the original population, meaning genetic variation is reduced.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.

can you make it bigger i can't see it