Viral spikies
a)attach non-specifically to host cell receptors
b)attach specifically to host cell receptors
c)are made of carbohydrate
d)are present in all viruses

B)attach specifically to host cell receptors

Explanation:

Viral spikes are one of the envelope proteins. These proteins are coded for by viral genes. Viral spikes project from the envelope surface. They are also called peplomers. One of the functions of these spikes is to specifically interact with the receptors present on the surface of the host cell to mediate the attachment of the virus to the host cell surface. Viral spikes and the host cell surface receptors are complementary to allow their specific binding. For example, the spike protein of the SARS-coronavirus bind specifically to the human host cell receptor ACE2.

flooding wildfire landslides climate change the factors listed have an immediate effect on the animal populations found in any habitat. the four factors would lead to a death. b emigration. eliminate c immigration. d mutations.