In the 1800s, a popular belief known as vitalism stated that life processes could not be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry, and were instead dictated by an independent life force. which discovery most likely caused scientists to revise this hypothesis regarding the origin of life on earth?

a. that inorganic compounds existed within live organisms
b. that organic compounds could be synthesized in a laboratory
c. that rna could serve as a template to synthesize dna
d. that self-replicating molecules existed inside cells

Agene pool: a) is the collection of all the alleles found in a single species b) is the collection of all the alleles found in a single population c) is the collection of all the chromosomes found in a single population d) is the collection of genes in a species that allow the individuals to swim

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

How do the evolutionary chart and the video support the claim that all living things are made up of cells?