How is sex determined in organisms like humans?
a. all of the above
b. the combination of autosomes received from parents
c. the combination of sex chromosomes received from parents
d. the x-linked traits received from the mother

"The combination of sex chromosomes received from parents " .

Explanation:

Sex determination : The process by which sex of a child is determined .

Parental generation :

Mother         Father

XX                   XY (sex chromosomes )

X,X                   X,Y  (gametes )

First filial generation :

       X        Y

X    XX       XY

X     XX       XY

If XX is formed then it is girl and if XY is formed then it is boy .

Conclusion :

[content deleted] - user123802726recklesschicken

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c