The construction of wind farms has affected the migratory patterns of some bird populations. bird populations have been noted
to no longer increase and sometimes even decrease in these areas. what is this known as?
a density-dependent limiting factor
a population-independent factor
a density-independent limiting factor
a population-dependent limiting factor

This is known as a density-independent limiting factor

Explanation:

Limiting factors are representatives in the circumstances that manage several appearances of a community. Unusual limiting factors appear into action based on the quantity of the group, and others are independent of the group frequency.

The density-independent limiting factors section influences the increase rate autonomous of the inhabitant's quantity value for a particular person. These determinants do not gain constant improvements to maintain the size of the population beneath power. It affects sudden and unpredictable variations in population size. Poor populations are unusually at danger of implying washed out by this kind of factor.

Here the unpredictable variations in population size of birds due to construction of wind farms is explained, which falls under this kind of factor.

there are so many examples for that in different areas, like biology experiment carried out in our lab recently.

here's one link: