hydroxyl -oh
alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules
carboxyl -cooh
cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1
carbonyl > co
ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)
amino -nh2
amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+
methyl ch2
addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression
phosphate -opo3 ²⁻
organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20
sulfhydryl -sh
thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure