Apatient visits your clinic often with recurrent respiratory infections. based upon their medical history, it appears they have been an active smoker for over 40 years. select the statement that most accurately reflects how this information may reveal why the patient is highly susceptible to respiratory pathogens:

1. smoking decreases the formation and effectiveness of complement proteins.
2. smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.
3. smoking directly inhibits b- and t-cell action.
4. smoking decreases the activity of neutrophils.

Smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.

Explanation:

Respiratory infections affects the sinuses, lungs, chest and nose. Chronic infections occurs repeatedly over time. Bacteria and virus may also acts as pathogen for the respiratory infections.

The main reason of the respiratory infection is the presence of harmful chemical in smoking. The motile cilia connects the ciliary escalator with the trachea and respiratory system. The harmful toxins and chemicals in smoke can paralyze the ciliary escalator.

Thus, the correct answer is option (2).

a fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.[1] the age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.[2] fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.[3] other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

the theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by andreas libavius "in his 1597 alchemia [alchymia]" and later by mikhail lomonosov "as early as 1757 and certainly by 1763".[4] the first use of the term "fossil fuel" was by the german chemist caspar neumann, in english translation in 1759.[5]

in 2017 the world's primary energy sources consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (28%), natural gas (23%), amounting to an 85% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world.[6] non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear (8.5%), hydroelectric (6.3%), and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%.[7] world energy consumption was growing at about 2.3% per year. in 2015 about 18% of worldwide consumption was from renewable sources.[8]