"essay on the principle of population", written by thomas malthus in 1798, influenced darwin's thoughts as he struggled to understand what mechanisms could be at work to produce evolution. malthus proposed that populations of animals and plants, including humans,

a. increased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased geometrically
b. increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased arithmetically
c. decreased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available increased geometrically
d. evolved from mainland to islands, thus explaining why the island flora and fauna resembled the mainland species so closely

Malthus proposed that populations of animals and plants, including humans, increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased arithmetically.

Option B

Explanation:

Essay on the Principle of Population is a famous book for the evolution scientists which studies in details about the Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin clearly said the struggle for existence and the survival of fittest. These terms meant a lot. The struggle in a population came because of the scarcity of food in the population.

And this scarcity came because of the geometric increase in the population but an arithmetic increase in the supply of food. This lead to the scarcity of food, and the availability is strictly restricted to the individuals who are more capable than others.  

answer; 60-100; beats per minute

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.