In a cladogram, when does a group of organisms branch off?

A cladogram is a visual representation of the relationships between organisms and also shows how organisms evolved from common ancestors. Points where organisms branch off are called nodes and these nodes branch off show the last common ancestor among the organisms.After each node, the line moves forward, which indicates where the organisms diverge. This means at this point, the organisms evolved traits that separates them from the common ancestor.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

examples of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) and ribonucleic acid (rna).